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Exercises / Compound Intermediate

Exercise demo

Bulgarian split squat

The Bulgarian split squat is the single best leg exercise for older lifters who want bilateral squat numbers without the spinal load. It quietly hammers the quads and glutes, exposes side-to-side imbalances, and demands very little of the lower back.

Primary muscle

Quads

Equipment

Dumbbell

Force

Squat

Mechanics

Compound

Setup

Stand a stride length in front of a bench. Place the top of one foot on the bench behind you, laces down. Front foot far enough forward that, at the bottom, the front shin is roughly vertical. Hold a dumbbell in each hand by your sides.

How to do it

  1. 1

    Find your stance

    Adjust the front-foot distance until the bottom of the rep feels balanced. Most lifters are surprised at how far forward the front foot needs to be.

  2. 2

    Descend straight down

    Bend the front knee and lower the back knee toward the floor. The trunk stays roughly upright. The descent takes two seconds.

  3. 3

    Stop just off the floor

    Lower until the back knee hovers a couple of centimetres above the floor or until the front-leg quad reaches a deep stretch.

  4. 4

    Drive up through the front heel

    Push the floor away through the front heel. Avoid driving with the toes; that loads the front knee. Return to the start, complete the set, switch legs.

Common mistakes

  • Front foot too close, which drives the knee well past the toes and loads the kneecap.
  • Bouncing the back knee off the floor.
  • Leaning the torso forward, which loads the back rather than the front leg.
  • Driving up through the front toes rather than the heel.
  • Going too heavy before balance is solid.

Variations

Goblet Bulgarian split squat

Single dumbbell held at the chest. Easier on the trunk than two-side load, slightly harder on the front-leg quad. Good substitute when grip is fatigued.

Front foot elevated split squat

Front foot on a low plate. Deeper range, harder on the front leg. Save it for later.

Goblet squat

Bilateral, much simpler. Good warm-up lift before Bulgarians, or a substitute when the joints want a quieter day.

See the goblet squat page

FAQ

How is this different from a lunge? +
The Bulgarian split squat keeps both feet planted: front foot on the floor, back foot on the bench. A lunge requires you to step in and out of position between reps. The split squat lets you load heavier and stay in a more stable position, which is why it is usually the better choice past 40.
My balance is awful. What do I do? +
Hold a rack with a fingertip for the first two or three sessions. Balance improves quickly once the brain knows what is coming. After a fortnight you will not need the support.
How heavy? +
Start lighter than you think. Three sets of 8 to 10 each side with 12 to 15 kilo dumbbells is plenty on day one. Most lifters past 40 do not need more than 25 kilo dumbbells per hand on this lift.
Are these safe for my knees? +
Usually yes, often more knee-friendly than a barbell back squat because the load on each kneecap is lower. The trick is keeping the front shin roughly vertical and driving up through the heel.

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